{"id":20741,"date":"2022-10-15T17:27:14","date_gmt":"2022-10-15T15:27:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theoriginsearthblog.com\/?p=20741"},"modified":"2024-09-28T11:10:39","modified_gmt":"2024-09-28T09:10:39","slug":"borneo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theoriginsearthblog.com\/fr\/borneo\/","title":{"rendered":"Born\u00e9o, d\u00e9forestation et huile de palme"},"content":{"rendered":"

Born\u00e9o, d\u00e9forestation et huile de palme<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Une \u00eele qui \u00e9touffe<\/h2>\n
\"\"
\u00a9 photo prise de Canva.com – Born\u00e9o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

L\u2019\u00eele de Born\u00e9o est la 4\u00e8me plus grande \u00eele du monde, elle se situe en Asie du Sud-Est et elle fait partie de l\u2019archipel des Grandes \u00eeles de la Sonde. Trois pays se partagent l\u2019\u00eele de Born\u00e9o : le Brunei, la Malaisie et l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie, au sud de l\u2019\u00eele, qui a la plus grande part.<\/p>\n

Born\u00e9o d\u00e9tient 6% de la biodiversit\u00e9 mondiale gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des for\u00eats tropicales riches, a un climat \u00e9quatorial et humide tout au long de l\u2019ann\u00e9e ainsi qu\u2019avec des temp\u00e9ratures d\u2019environ 26\u00b0C. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son climat, Born\u00e9o poss\u00e8de une riche diversit\u00e9 d\u2019esp\u00e8ces animales et v\u00e9g\u00e9tales et ceci, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une for\u00eat primaire qui offre un habitat \u00e0 15\u2019000 plantes dont 6\u2019000 qui sont end\u00e9miques. Elle regorge aussi des plantes carnivores parmi lesquelles on retrouve l\u2019esp\u00e8ce Nepenthes dont on en compte plus d\u2019une soixantaines qui sont originaires de l\u2019\u00eele.<\/p>\n

Born\u00e9o est connu pour \u00eatre l\u2019habitat des orangs-outans, des \u00e9l\u00e9phants pygm\u00e9es, des tigres, des rhinoc\u00e9ros et plein d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces animales qui sont les principales victimes de la d\u00e9forestation, un v\u00e9ritable probl\u00e8me.<\/p>\n

D\u00e9forestation<\/strong><\/p>\n

De nombreux incendies sont allum\u00e9s volontairement par les entreprises qui cultivent des arbres \u00e0 huile de palme. A cause de ces incendies, Born\u00e9o a perdu plus de la moiti\u00e9 de ses for\u00eats avec environ 16,2 millions d\u2019hectares touch\u00e9s, et entre 1985 et 2011, l\u2019\u00eele a perdu 56% de ses for\u00eats tropicales. On estime que 300 millions d\u2019arbres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ras\u00e9s depuis 1994 pour l\u2019agriculture.<\/p>\n

Born\u00e9o est l\u2019\u00eele o\u00f9 le taux de d\u00e9forestation est le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 au monde.<\/p>\n

L\u2019orang-outan est l\u2019animal qui symbolise cette d\u00e9forestation car durant les 20 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, la moiti\u00e9 de sa population a disparu d\u00fb aux incendies d\u00e9truisant son habitat. Il ne reste plus que 70\u2019000 orangs-outans dans les for\u00eats d\u2019Asie du Sud-Est. Cependant, il n\u2019y a pas que cette esp\u00e8ce qui est menac\u00e9e de disparition, il y a, \u00e9galement, l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9phant pygm\u00e9e de Born\u00e9o ainsi que le tigre et 15\u2019000 plantes.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00a9 photo prise de Canva.com – D\u00e9forestation \u00e0 Born\u00e9o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Les orang-outan<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\"\"
\u00a9 photo prise de Canva.com – M\u00e8re orang-outan et son b\u00e9b\u00e9<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Perte de leur habitat<\/strong><\/p>\n

On retrouve ce grand singe plus que sur l\u2019\u00eele de Born\u00e9o et au nord-ouest de l\u2019\u00eele de Sumatra. Sa population a d\u00e9clin\u00e9 de plus de 50% durant les 60 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Entre 1973 et 2010, pr\u00e8s de 40% de son habitat a disparu sur l\u2019\u00eele de Born\u00e9o et 60% sur l\u2019\u00eele de Sumatra entre 1985 et 2010. La disparition de leur habitat est principalement due \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 humaine, notamment la d\u00e9forestation au profit des plantations d\u2019arbres \u00e0 huile de palme car il y a une forte demande au niveau de l\u2019agro-alimentaire.<\/p>\n

Actuellement, la population d\u2019orang-outan s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 100’000 individus et elle est principalement situ\u00e9e dans les for\u00eats tropicales de Born\u00e9o. Ils ont un taux de reproduction tr\u00e8s bas car leur maturit\u00e9 sexuelle est tardive et les femelles donnent naissance \u00e0 un petit tous les 6 \u00e0 9 ans ce qui explique que cette esp\u00e8ce fait partie des esp\u00e8ces les plus menac\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Braconnage et les centres de r\u00e9habilitation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les orang-outan sont aussi victimes de braconnage, plus particuli\u00e8rement les petits qui sont arrach\u00e9e \u00e0 leur m\u00e8re pour \u00eatre vendu comme animal de compagnie. Si certains sont vendus, d\u2019autres deviennent orphelins car leur m\u00e8re a \u00e9t\u00e9 abattue au moment de leur capture, ils sont alors recueillis dans des centres de r\u00e9habilitation o\u00f9 ils sont soign\u00e9s et o\u00f9 on leur enseigne ce que leur m\u00e8re aurait d\u00fb leur enseigner \u00e0 savoir apprendre \u00e0 survivre dans la jungle et \u00e0 se d\u00e9placer d\u2019arbres en arbres. Le but principal de ces centres est de permettre \u00e0 ces singes de retourner \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat sauvage. Ce qu\u2019il faut savoir est que ces centres s\u2019occupent aussi de soigner d\u2019autres animaux tels que les gibbons, les \u00e9l\u00e9phants pygm\u00e9s et les ours nains.<\/p>\n

Dans le centre de Sepilok sur l\u2019\u00eele de Born\u00e9o, un syst\u00e8me de jumelage a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place pour remplacer l\u2019enseignement de la m\u00e8re. En effet, un jeune singe est jumel\u00e9 \u00e0 un singe plus \u00e2g\u00e9 pour l’aider \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper les comp\u00e9tences dont il a besoin pour survivre dans la jungle.<\/p>\n

Pourquoi les orang-outans sont-ils importants dans la biodiversit\u00e9 ? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ils jouent un r\u00f4le tr\u00e8s important dans la dispersion des graines des fruits qu\u2019ils mangent. En dispersant les grains, cela permet de garder une for\u00eat en bonne sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Le savais-tu\u00a0? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Orang-outan veut dire homme de la for\u00eat en malais.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00a9 photo prise de Canva.com – B\u00e9b\u00e9 orang-outan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u2019arbre \u00e0 huile de palme<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\"\"
\u00a9 photo prise de Canva.com – Arbre \u00e0 huile de palme<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n


\n<\/strong>C\u2019est cette esp\u00e8ce qui provoque la d\u00e9forestation sur l\u2019\u00eele de Born\u00e9o et ailleurs dans le monde. L\u2019arbre \u00e0 huile de palme est une esp\u00e8ce originaire d\u2019Afrique du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal jusqu\u2019en Angola, son lieu d\u2019origine se situe le long du Golfe de Guin\u00e9e o\u00f9 il existe des palmeraies naturelles d\u2019arbre \u00e0 huile de palme.<\/p>\n

Il est largement cultiv\u00e9 dans toutes les zones tropicales de la plan\u00e8te, notamment en Asie mais aussi en Afrique. En Asie, ce sont la Malaisie et l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie qui font partie des deux premiers producteurs et exportateurs mondiaux d\u2019huile de palme. A eux seuls, ils fournissent 85% de la consommation mondiale ce qui repr\u00e9sente 15 millions de tonnes provoquant la disparition de 98% des for\u00eats en 2022. C\u2019est la rentabilit\u00e9 de cette culture qui est un probl\u00e8me majeur de la d\u00e9forestation en Indon\u00e9sie et en Malaisie car cette huile est principalement utilis\u00e9e dans l\u2019industrie alimentaire \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 70%. Elle est peu co\u00fbteuse c\u2019est pour cette raison qu\u2019on la retrouve dans la composition des produits tels que les p\u00e2tes \u00e0 tartiner, les chips, les biscuits, les c\u00e9r\u00e9ales ou encore le chocolat, et la margarine. On la retrouve encore dans les produits cosm\u00e9tiques et dans la fabrication des savons.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est l\u2019huile la plus consomm\u00e9e sur Terre et pour produire de l\u2019huile v\u00e9g\u00e9tale avec une autre plante, il faudrait 8 \u00e0 10 fois de terres cultivables en plus. Donc il faudrait utiliser de l\u2019huile de palme durable qui est produite dans des plantations respectant la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Pourquoi cette huile a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie ? <\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019huile de palme a remplac\u00e9 les graisses animales et les huiles v\u00e9g\u00e9tales hydrog\u00e9n\u00e9es (colza, soja) car les graisses animales sont plus ch\u00e8res et les huiles v\u00e9g\u00e9tales hydrog\u00e9n\u00e9es sont instables, sensibles \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re et \u00e0 la chaleur.<\/p>\n

L\u2019huile de palme co\u00fbte moins cher que les autres huiles avec un meilleur rendement. En effet, l\u2019arbre produit des fruits toute l\u2019ann\u00e9e et monopolise moins de terre que les autres huiles en produisant 4 tonnes d\u2019huile par hectare.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Quelles sont les alternatives \u00e0 l\u2019huile de palme ? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Sachant que l\u2019huile de palme est mauvaise pour la sant\u00e9 due \u00e0 son fort taux d\u2019acides gras satur\u00e9s qui augmentent le mauvais cholest\u00e9rol, il faudrait prendre d\u2019autres alternatives en consommant d\u2019autres huiles v\u00e9g\u00e9tales telles que l\u2019huile de colza ou l\u2019huile de tournesol.<\/p>\n

Quelles sont les actions que nous citoyen pouvons-nous faire pour lutter contre la d\u00e9forestation\u00a0? <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ne plus consommer les produits \u00e0 base d\u2019huile de palme que l\u2019on retrouve dans les produits alimentaires tels que des biscuits ou encore dans des produits cosm\u00e9tiques. Cela nous demande de regarder la composition des produits mais surtout de changer nos habitudes et de se tourner vers des produits sans huile de palme. La lutte contre la d\u00e9forestation continue aussi dans la diminution de la consommation de papier neuf ainsi que favoriser des produits naturels locaux et pas import\u00e9s comme le bois. Participer \u00e0 des projets de reforestation est aussi une mani\u00e8re de lutter contre la d\u00e9forestation en aidant les communaut\u00e9s locales \u00e0 la plantation de futurs arbres lors de vacances ou d\u2019un voyage.<\/p>\n

Bibliographie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le commerce du bois<\/a><\/p>\n

WWF – Borneo deforestation<\/a><\/p>\n

WWF – Borneo<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Reading Time: <\/span> 5<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>Born\u00e9o, d\u00e9forestation et huile de palme Une \u00eele qui \u00e9touffe L\u2019\u00eele de Born\u00e9o est la 4\u00e8me plus grande \u00eele du monde, elle se situe en Asie du Sud-Est et elle fait partie de l\u2019archipel des Grandes \u00eeles de la Sonde. Trois pays se partagent l\u2019\u00eele de Born\u00e9o : le Brunei, la Malaisie et l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie, au […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":20726,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[9],"tags":[680,1363,1378,1379,1364,1384,1381,1382,209,1380,1377,1376,1386,1383,1105,1145,1385],"class_list":["post-20741","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environnement","tag-biodiversite","tag-borneo-fr","tag-braconnage-fr","tag-centres-de-rehabilitation-fr","tag-deforestation-fr","tag-elephant-pygme-fr","tag-forets-tropicales-fr","tag-huile-de-palme-fr","tag-indonesie","tag-malaisie-fr","tag-orang-outan-fr","tag-plantation-a-huile-de-palme-fr","tag-produits-sans-huile-de-palme-fr","tag-singe-fr","tag-the-origins-earth","tag-the-origins-earth-blog-fr","tag-tigres-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nBorn\u00e9o, d\u00e9forestation et huile de palme - The Origins Earth - Media<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Origins Earth - Media - Born\u00e9o est bien connue pour sa d\u00e9forestation \u00e0 cause des plantations d'arbres \u00e0 huile de palme. 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